1. Pashto Grammar Books Pdf
2. Pashto Grammar In Urdu Pdf
3. English Pashto Grammar Pdf
4. Pashto Grammar Book Pdf
5. Pashto Grammar Pdf

Pashto is a S-O-V language with split ergativity. Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for gender (masc./fem.), number (sing./plur.), and case (direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative). The verb system is very intricate with the following tenses: present; simple past; past progressive; present perfect; and past perfect. In any of the past tenses (simple past, past progressive, present perfect, past perfect), Pashto is an ergative language; i.e., transitive verbs in any of the past tenses agree with the object of the sentence. The dialects show some non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms that are discarded by the literary language.

Section 4 – Maternity 81. Do not eat or drink anything until after your procedure 82. You must drink a litre of water to prepare for your ultrasound scan. Anne Boyle David, 'Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects' Habibullah Tegey & Barbara Robson ' ' A Reference Grammar of Pashto ' ' (PDF). (1996) Center for Applied Linguistics; Herbert Penzl, A Grammar of Pashto: A Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan; Georg Morgenstierne, 'AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṧtō', Encyclopaedia.

Pashto has a rich number of dialects due to which the language has been spelled several ways in English: Pashto, Pakhto, Pukhto.^[1]

• 1Pronouns
• 2Nouns
• 3Adjectives
  • 3.1Class 1
    • 3.1.2Stem allomorphy
  • 3.2Class 2
    • 3.2.2Stem allomorphy
  • 3.3Class 3
• 4Affixes
• 5Verbs
  • 5.1Verbal suffixes
  • 5.2The verb 'to be'
  • 5.5Doubly Irregular
  • 5.6Infinitive
    • 5.6.1Type of Infinitives
      • 5.6.1.3Compound Infinitives
• 6Prepositions and Postpositions
• 8Syntax
  • 8.1Phrasal syntax
    • 8.1.3Verb phrases
      • 8.1.3.2Elements in the verbal group
• 9Pashto and borrowings

Pronouns[edit]

Personal pronouns[edit]

Demonstrative pronouns[edit]

دغه dağa (this)

هغه hağa (that)

Possessive pronouns[edit]

Independent formsChrome mac 10.7 5 download.

Enclitic forms

Interrogative pronouns[edit]

Nouns[edit]

Case[edit]

Pashto inflects nouns into four grammatical cases: direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative. The oblique I case is used as prepositional case as well as in the past tense as the subject of transitive verbs, and the oblique II case is used as ablative case.

The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun غر (ğar, meaning 'mountain'):

The following table shows the declension of سړی (saṛai, meaning 'man'), a masculine noun with ending 'ai':

The following table shows the declension of ښځه (ṣ̌ədza, meaning 'woman'), a feminine noun with ending 'a':

The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun ورځ (wradz, meaning 'day'):

Gender[edit]

There are two genders: masculine and feminine.

Number[edit]

There are two numbers: singular and plural.

Definiteness[edit]

There is no definite article. But when necessary, definiteness may be indicated by other means such as demonstratives. Likewise, it may be contraindicated by use of the word for 'one', يو; as in 'يو روغتون' - 'a hospital'.

Adjectives[edit]

An adjective is called stāynūm in Pashto [ستاينوم]. The adjectives or stāynūmūna agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.

Notes:

• In the plural, both obliques and the vocative merge into a single form.
• Singular Oblique I and plural Direct always merge into a single form.
• The above two conditions mean that there can be at most five distinct forms for masculine adjectives (but in fact, no class distinguishes more than four).
• For feminine adjectives, singular Oblique I and Vocative merge, while singular Direct and Oblique II merge; combined with mergers noted previously, there can be at most three distinct forms for feminine adjectives.
• Classes 2 and 3 have stem and stress alternations among different cases. Class 3 has a basic distinction between the masculine singular Direct, Oblique II and Vocative, with stem stress, and all other forms, with a (sometimes) different stem and with ending stress (e.g. masc. trīx, fem. traxá 'bitter'; masc. sūr, fem. srá 'red'; masc. sōṛ, fem. saṛá 'cold'; fem. raṇā 'light' with only one stem). Class 2 has the same stress alternation, but has three distinct stems, with stressed stem vowel 'o' or 'u' in masculine singular Direct, Oblique II and Vocative, unstressed stem vowel 'ā' in masculine singular Oblique I and plural Direct, and unstressed stem vowel 'a' in all other forms (e.g. masc. sing. pōx, masc. plur. pāxǝ́, fem. paxá 'ripe, cooked').

Class 1[edit]

Case-marking suffixes[edit]

Class I adjectives are consonant-final in their citation form and keep the stress on the final syllable of the stem.

Stem allomorphy[edit]

In the Western dialects, Class I adjectives with certain stem shapes will undergo mutation either:

1. Vowel harmony

or

1. Centralization

In other dialects these vowels do not mutate.

Vowel harmony[edit]

Class I adjectives with the stressed stem vowel /ə́/ (W), such as دنګ /dəng/ ‘tall’, undergo regressive harmony in the feminine direct plural and in both oblique plural forms—when the suffix vowel is /o/.

Centralization[edit]

Class I adjectives for which the last syllable in the masculine direct singular form is ور /‑wár/, ګر /‑gár/, جن /‑ján/, or م ن /‑mán/, as well as ordinal numbers ending in م /‑ám/, undergo a different vowel alternation: the vowel /á/ of the final syllable centralizes to /ə́/ in feminine non-direct singulars and in all plural forms, irrespective of gender.

Class I forms with stem allomorphy[edit]

Example 1 = سپک (light - inweight)

The paradigm for the adjective سپک /spək/ ‘light’ in above shows the Western dialect’s Vowel harmony rule.

Example 2 = زړور (brave)

The paradigm for the adjective زړور /zṛawár/ 'brave' illustrates centralization rule for the Western dialect.

Animacy[edit]

When modifying animate nouns, some Class I adjectives may take the animate plural suffixes of Class I nouns example:

مشران وروڼه

Məʃarɑn wruɳa

'Elder brothers'

Class 2[edit]

Class 2 adjectives can end in either a consonant or a stressed schwa ( ه /‑ə́/). Except for the masculine singular ablative and vocative suffixes, the suffixes of Class II areinherently stressed. These stressed suffixes are the chief difference between Class 1 and Class 2, although there are a few differences in suffix shape as well. Whether a consonant-final adjective belongs to Class 1 (stem-stressed) or Class II (suffix-stressed) is a property of the lexeme and is not predictable.

Case-marking suffixes[edit]

Stem allomorphy[edit]

Some Class2 adjectives undergo stem allomorphy processes upon inflection, all of them stress-conditioned. The first, Syncope I, affects the final vowels of /ə́/-final Class 2 adjectives; the rest affect the stem vowels of consonant-final Class 2 adjectives (which either lower or delete when unstressed). Lowering affects only back vowels, but not all of them. It is not possible to predict which rule, Back vowel lowering or Syncope II, applies to a given consonant-final adjective. The rules are:

1. Syncope I
2. Back vowel lowering
3. Monophthongization
4. Lengthening
5. Syncope II
6. Epenthesis

Syncope I[edit]

• V2 → Ø/ V́1_
• V́1 → Ø/ _V́2

If suffixation results in two adjacent vowels and only one is stressed, the unstressed vowel deletes. If both are stressed, the first vowel deletes. This rule applies to vowel-final adjectives.

Vowel-final adjectives that end stressed ه /‑ə́/ in their citation form include تېره /terə/́ ‘sharp’. These can be reliably identified from this citation form as belonging to Class 2; no other class has adjectives ending in /-ə́/. The final stem-vowel of these adjectives undergoes one or other of the morphophonemic rules of Syncope I.

Back vowel lowering[edit]

• V-stress] [+back, → V[-high]/ C_

Inmost Class 2 consonant-final adjectives with non-initial back vowels, و /o/, /u/ lowers to /a/ when unstressed.

In most consonant-final adjectives where the stem vowel is a back vowel, و /o/, /u/, it will undergo vowel lowering in unstressed position, followed by lengthening when the next syllable contains /ə́/ such as for the words, پو خ /pox/ ‘cooked, ripe’ and ړوند /ṛund/ ‘blind’, illustrated above.

Monophthongization[edit]

• a[+stress]w → V-high] [+back,
• wa[+stress] → V-high] [+back,

In adjectives with /aw/ or /wa/ in the stem [usually seen in the feminine tense], those sequences simplify to /o/ when stressed.

Back vowel breaking: تود /tod/ ‘hot’; stem = /tawd/.

Lengthening[edit]

• a → ā /_(C)Cə́

Short /a/ lengthens to long /â/ when the syllable following it contains /ə́/. This rule affects those adjectives that undergo back vowel lowering, such as for پاخۀ → پوخ and ړاندۀ → ړوند and those that undergo monophthongization, such as تاودۀ → تود.

Lengthening[edit]

• V[-stress] → Ø

In a few consonant-final adjectives the stem vowel is deleted when not stressed.

Example = سور /sur/ - red

Epenthesis[edit]

• Ø → a/C_CC or CC_C

If syncope results in a triple consonant cluster, an /a/ might be inserted after the first or second consonant.

Class 3[edit]

These adjectives end in the diphthong participial suffix, ی /‑ay/, in the masculine direct singular form/. This suffix may be stressed or unstressed.

Stressed[edit]

Example = زلمی (young/youth - the ی is stressed)

Unstressed[edit]

Example = سوی (burnt- the ی is unstressed)

Affixes[edit]

In Pashto, an affix is called تاړی [tâṛay].^[4] An affix is an addition to the base form or stem of a word in order to modify its meaning or create a new word.

Prefixes[edit]

These are attached at the beginning of words. Here is a list of the most common ones:

A list of Examples:

Suffixes[edit]

These are attached at the end of a word. Here is a list of the most common ones:

A list of Examples:

Verbs[edit]

• Pashto has three tenses: Past, present and future. The future tense is the same as present tense with the exception of markers.
• Aspect: Pashto in every tense has perfective aspect [بشپړاړخ]^[5] and imperfective aspect [نابشپړاړخ]. The perfective aspect indicates completion of an action while the imperfective aspect indicates continuous or habitual action.
• Pashto verbs can be classed as simple verbs, irregular verbs and doubly irregular verbs.
• Verbs [کړۀ] agree in person and in number with either the objects or subjects of sentences, depending on tense and construction. Agreement is indicated with affixes following the verb stem which indicate person and number.

Verbal suffixes[edit]

Pashto utilises verbal suffixes [د کړ تاړې]. It is easy to demonstrate these in regular verbs in the imperfective.

Present tense[edit]

Gəḍēẓ̌ is the present imperfective stem of the verb gaḍedəl [to dance].

Past tense[edit]

Gəḍēd is the past stem of the verb gaḍēdəl [to dance].

The verb 'to be'[edit]

The verb 'to be' is irregular in Pashto and does not have an infinitive form.

Present Imperfective[edit]

Present Imperfective tense of 'to be':

The word شته [shta] is also used; this is the third person singular and plural of the present tense of the verb to be.

Present Perfective form[edit]

Present Perfective tense of 'to be' The present perfect tense and the present simple tense are two different tenses. It has analogous feature in one respect and different in other. We can't easily identify their use because it has similar structure like past simple tense. We can't precisely give an interpretation that what are the exact nature of these tenses? We can observe through structures that how the native speaker use it and what is the nature of doubly verb projection in Pashto.

1) Ma da troor zwe sara meena kary da.

2) Munʐ emtihan warkro.

3) Ta khpal sabaq yaad kro.

4) Taso khpala kamra paka kra.

5) Hagha mar shawe de.

6) Haghe mra shawy da.

7) Haghwee da dalta na lar-al

Present Perfective form[edit]

Present Perfective tense of 'to be':

Past Imperfective form[edit]

Past Imperfective tense of 'to be':

Future Perfective form[edit]

Future Perfective tense of 'to be':

Future tense[edit]

In Pashto the future tense [ راتلونکی مهال]^[7] is the same as the present tense [اوسنی مهال]^[8] with the exception that in the future tense the marker به [bə] is added; به has a similar meaning to will/shall in English. In the Third Person Future Tense, also, irrespective of number or gender وي is used.

Future tense of 'to be':

Simple Irregular[edit]

These are verbs whose past stems differ from their present stems like English think vs thought,

a) where ل is replaced by ن in the Present tense:

b) where و is added in the middle in the Present tense:

c) The verb ختل [to climb]:

d) where دل is dropped in the Present tense:

Doubly Irregular[edit]

These are verbs whose imperfective and perfective stems differ as well as their present and past stems. The difference between perfective and imperfective is carried by stress; in perfective the stress is on the first part of the verb whereas in imperfective the stress is on the last syllables.
Here is list of these verbs with their verbal stems [note without verbal suffix]:
a) ښودل, as a part of the verb.

b) The verb 'to go':

c) The verb 'to take' [to a place]:

Idiosyncratic 3rd Person form[edit]

Some doubly irregular verbs have idiosyncratic 3rd Person forms in the past forms, parallel to the idiosyncratic forms of the simple irregular verbs.

The list :

Infinitive[edit]

This is called Kaṛnūmay [کړنومی] in Pashto that is “the name of a verb”.^[9] It shows an infinite action or occurrence. In Pashto the verb acquires the gender and number of a masculine plural noun. They are formed from the verbal root and end with the verbal suffix: ل. Example:

Hağui pa xpəlo ke wahəl wə-kṛəl

Literally: They in themselves in 'to beat' done

The verb وکړل [past tense of verb کړل - perfective state of 'to do'] shows agreement with masculine plural object that is the infinitive وهل.

Type of Infinitives[edit]

There are various types of infinitives.

Simple Infinitives[edit]

They are in there morpheme state. Examples: تلل [to go], وتل [to go out], ګرځېدل [to walk], ګرځول [to make someone/thing walk] etc.

Prefixed Infinitives[edit]

These are formed by attaching a prefix to the simple infinitive. These prefixes are usually directional/locative in nature.Examples:
1. را + تلل = راتلل
Râ [locative towards speaker] + Tləl [to go] = Râtləl [to come]
2. ور+ کول = ورکول
War [locative towards third party] + Kawəl [to do] = Warkawəl [to give]

Compound Infinitives[edit]

There are two categories of compound infinitives. There are also some exceptions to these.

First category[edit]

These are formed by adding ول [from کول] and ېدل [from کېدل] verbal-suffixes to nouns, adjectives or adverbs. The attaching noun, adjective and adverb should not end in a vowel. Example:
ښخ [buried, adjective] - ښخول [to bury, verb]

Second category[edit]

These are formed adding auxiliary verbs کول and کېدل to the noun and adjectives. The attaching noun and adjective end in a vowel.Examples:
1. پوښتنه [question, noun] - پوښتنه کول [to question, verb]
2. لېشه [seductive, adjective] - لېشه کېدل [to become seduced, verb]

Exceptions[edit]

There are also exceptions to the attachment of auxiliary verbs on the basis of vowel endings. Example: سوچ کول etc.

Phrasal Infinitives[edit]

This is done by adding words with infinitives to make a metaphoric meaning.

Double Infinitives[edit]

These are formed by combining two infinitives
-- either by combining a Simple Infinitive with a Prefixed Infinitive.

Pashto Grammar Books Pdf

-- or by combining two Simple Infinitives:

Prepositions and Postpositions[edit]

Pashto has pre-positions, post-positions and pre-post-positions. Adpositions generally govern either oblique or ablative caseassignment to their objects.^[10]

Prepositions[edit]

There are two prepositions in Pashto:
1. د [də] meaning 'of'
2. په [pə] meaning 'with' and 'at'

Postpositions[edit]

In Pashto there is the dative post-position: ته.

Ambipositions[edit]

Pashto uses a significant amount of ambipositions (circumpositions). These usually have two elements, with the noun object positioned between the two elements.

The first element is likely to be one of these four elements:

The second element is likely to be one of these words:

Here is a list of the most common formations:

Sometimes in colloquial Pashto, the word له is dropped from نه and سره.

The first element must be dropped when the object of the pre-position is a weak pronoun. Examples:

Phrases[edit]

A number of common phrases translate into English prepositional phrases, which in Pashto consist of combinations of prepositional phrases and additional words.

Examples:

In phrases that start with the possessive phrase د [də] plus noun, the possessive phrase [də/د] can be substituted with a weak possessive pronoun.Examples:

Conjunctions[edit]

Pashto utilises conjunctions. These are used as adverbs. Examples:

Syntax[edit]

Pashto has subject-object-verb (SOV) word order as opposed to English subject-verb-object (SVO) word order. In intransitive sentences where there is no object Pashto and English both have subject-verb (SV) word order.^[11]

In Pashto, however, all modifiers precede the verb whereas in English most of the verbal modifiers follow the verb.^[12]

Phrasal syntax[edit]

Pashto exhibits strong head-final order in noun phrases and verb phrases.^[10]

Noun phrases[edit]

Pashto noun phrases generally exhibit the internal order Determiner - Quantifier - Adjective - Noun.^[10]

Adpositional phrases[edit]

The salient exception to the head-final principle can be found in adpositional phrases, given the existence of prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions.^[13]

Verb phrases[edit]

Generally, head-final order is found also in the verb phrase, with the verb, if any, as the final element. Relative clauses and sentence-level modifiers may appear in postclausal position.^[14]

Light verb constructions[edit]

Pashto has a robust system of light verb constructions (LVC), two-word expressions that are semantically interpretable as a single predicate. Only one of the two canonical types—those of the form Noun/Adjective + Verb (N-V).^[14]

As verbs are a closed class in Pashto, the LVC is the only means of creating new verbal forms in the language; it is also used as a way of importing loanwords, with the borrowed word filling the complement slot.^[14]

The inventory of light verbs in Pashto should not surprise anyone familiar with LVCs. In addition to the verbs کېدل /kedəl/ ‘to become’ and کول /kawəl/ ‘to make; to do’, which we refer to as the intransitive and transitive verbalisers when they act as light verbs, Pashto uses the verbs اخیستل /axistəl/ ‘to take’, وهل /wahəl/ ‘to beat’, نيول /niwəl/ ‘to seize; to grasp’, and ایستل /istəl/ ‘to throw out’ as light verbs, as in thefollowing examples:

• سا اخیستل - ‘to breathe’ < سا /sā/ ‘(f.) breathing, respiration’
• ټېل وهل - ‘to push, shove (one another)’ < ټېل /ṭel/ ‘(m.) push, shove’^[14]

Adjective complements of N-V LVCs always show agreement with the undergoer of the action of the verb, which is in turn marked in accordance with Pashto’s system of split ergativity. Nominal complements are usually treated as the direct object of the verb, and are therefore also case-marked according to split-ergative alignment. The undergoer of the action, on the other hand, cannot be a direct object, as the verb can have at most two arguments; it is instead indicated by an adposition and accordingly case-marked oblique.^[15]

Elements in the verbal group[edit]

The verbal group in General Pashto[edit]

Certain particles can be inserted between:

• The aorist prefix و /wə/́and its verb.
• A prefix or pseudo-prefix and its verb. (This includes both the a-initial complex verbs and second conjugation, or prefixed, verbs.)
• The complement of a denominal verb and its verbalizer.^[15]

The particles that interact with verbs in this way are:

• The modal clitics به /bə/ and دې /de/
• The weak personal pronouns, or pronominal clitics مې /me/ , دې /de/ , یې /ye/ , and مو /mo/
• The adverbial clitics خو /xo/ and نو /no/
• The negatives نه /ná/ and مه /má/

Modals, weak personal pronouns, and adverbials are all second-position clitics. They also obey strict rules of ordering relative to each other. Tegey (1977) reports the following ordering of enclitics between verbal components: خو /xo/> به /bə/> { مو /mo/ مې /me/ دې /de/ یې /ye/} > نو /no/. If the first syllable of the verb does not carry stress (that is, if it is a non-aorist form), the negative precedes the verb, and the clitics follow the negative. Also, if an aorist form is negated, the negative marker—not the initial syllable of the verb—takes the stress.^[16]

Negative placement in the aorist verb phrase[edit]

The negative particle نه /ná/ nearly always precedes the verb and is placed as close to the verb stem as possible. In aorist constructions, it therefore follows the aorist marker و /wə/ for simplex verbs, and either initial /a/, the prefix, or the light verb complement for complex verbs. Because it carries an inherent stress, it takes the main stress in an aorist verb phrase.^[17]

Pashto and borrowings[edit]

Contemporary Pashto contains a lot of Persian and Persianized-Arabic^[18] words, although Pashto equivalents for these words often do exist.^{[19][self-published source][20]}

Borrowed phonology[edit]

The sounds /q/, /f/ are non-native Pashto sounds borrowed from Arabic and Persian. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by [k], [p].^[26] So for instance, the Arabic word فرق would be pronounced as /par(ə)k/.

Greeting phrases[edit]

Numbers[edit]

Cardinal Numbers(direct case, masc.)^[27]

Pashto Grammar In Urdu Pdf

Ordinal Numbers(direct case, masc., sing.)

• 1st لومړی lumṛai
• 2nd دويم dwaim
• 3rd درېيم drəyam
• 4th څلورم t͡saloram
• 5th پنځم pind͡zam
• 6th شپږم špaẓ̌am
• 7th اووم uwam
• 8th اتم atam
• 9th نهم nəham
• 10th لسم lasam

Colours[edit]

List of colours:

• سور/ سرهsur/sra - red
• شين / شنهšin/šna - green
• تور/ توره 'tor/tora' - black
• شين / شنهšin/šna - blue
• سپين/ سپينهspin/spina - white
• نسواريnaswâri - brown
• کینخيkinaxxi - purple
• ژېړ/ ژېړهžeṛ/žeṛa - yellow
• خړ / خړهxëṛ/xëṛa - grey
• چوڼياčuṇyâ - violet

List of colours borrowed from neighbouring languages:

• نارنجيnârënji - orange [from Persian]
• ګلابيgulâbi - pink [from Hindustani]
• نيليnili - indigo [from Persian]

Notes[edit]

1. ^په بارې کې [pə bâre ke] is also used but this is a word-for-word borrowing from Hindi/Urdu के बारे में/کے بارے میں [kē bārē mēⁿ]. The Hindi word bārē [बारे/بارے] is itself from Persian در بارهٔ [dar bārayedar bāreye]

References[edit]

English Pashto Grammar Pdf

1. ^Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara (1996). A Reference Grammar of Pashto(PDF). Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics. p. 4.
2. ^ ^abcdefЛебедев К. А. Афганистан: Язык, литература, этнография. — Москва : 'Муравей', 2003.
3. ^ ^abPASHTO LANGUAGE: SOLVING THE MYSTERIES OF THE PAST TENSEArchived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine
4. ^Neologism Dictionary [M. A. Zeyar]
5. ^Neologism Dictionary [M. A. Zeyar]
6. ^ ^abShort Summary of Pashto Grammar
7. ^Pashto Garshod [M. S. Wakili]
8. ^Pashto Garshod [M. S. Wakili]
9. ^Neologism Dictionary [M. A. Zeyar]
10. ^ ^abcAnna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 399. ISBN978-1-61451-303-2.
11. ^Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara (1996). A Reference Grammar of Pashto(PDF). Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics. p. 178.
12. ^Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara (1996). A Reference Grammar of Pashto(PDF). Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics. p. 179.
13. ^Anna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 400. ISBN978-1-61451-303-2.
14. ^ ^abcdAnna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 401. ISBN978-1-61451-303-2.
15. ^ ^abAnna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 403. ISBN978-1-61451-303-2.
16. ^Anna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 403 to 404. ISBN978-1-61451-303-2.
17. ^Anna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 406. ISBN978-1-61451-303-2.
18. ^John R. Perry, 'Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic' in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, Routledge, 2005. p. 97: 'It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries'
19. ^Ehsan M Entezar (2008). Afghanistan 101: Understanding Afghan Culture. Xlibris Corporation. p. 89. ISBN978-1-4257-9302-9.
20. ^Carol Benson; Kimmo Kosonen (13 June 2013). Language Issues in Comparative Education: Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Non-Dominant Languages and Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 64–. ISBN978-94-6209-218-1.
21. ^Qamosona.com
22. ^Qamosona.com
23. ^Qamosona.com
24. ^Zahid Qamos Pashto Glossary [Zahid Mishwanai]
25. ^Qamosona.com
26. ^Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara (1996). A Reference Grammar of Pashto(PDF). Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics. p. 15.
27. ^M A Zyar (2012). Pashto Dictionary (Neologisms) (2 ed.). Peshawar: Danish Press. p. 363.

Pashto Grammar Book Pdf

External links[edit]

Pashto Grammar Pdf

• Anne Boyle David, 'Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects'
• Habibullah Tegey & Barbara Robson ''A Reference Grammar of Pashto''(PDF). (1996) Center for Applied Linguistics
• Herbert Penzl, A Grammar of Pashto: A Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan
• Georg Morgenstierne, 'AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṧtō', Encyclopaedia Iranica
• Longnow, Rosettaproject, Pashto, Southern Grammar
• Mohammad Abid Khan & Fatima-Tuz-Zuhra, 'Towards the Computational treatment of the Pashto Verb' 18(1) Scientific Khyber pp. 123–141 (2005)
• Noor Ullah, 'Pashto Grammar' (2011), ISBN978-1-4567-8007-4
• M. Zyar, 'ليک لارښود - Writing Guide' (2006)